What exactly is a Likert Scale? The Likert scale or Likert-type scale, named after its inventor, the American social scientist Rensis Likert, is a usually ordinal type of psychometric rating scale that is used to capture attitudes within an agreement-disagreement range. Hence, a Likert scale is the sum of responses on several Likert options.When conducting a survey, the response on a Likert scale represents either the intensity of agreement to disagreement ("Extremely agree" vs. "Extremely disagree") with the question statement, making it a bipolar rating method, or the intensity of just an agreement or just a disagreement ("Extremely agree" vs. "Not at all agree" or "Extremely disagree" vs. "Not at all disagree") with the question statement, making it a unipolar rating method. It can be designed as an uneven-point scale, e.g., a 5-point or 7-point scale, with a neutral middle option, or an even-point scale, e.g., a 4-point or 6-point scale, omitting a neutral option and forcing a more positive or negative response choice. Either of these two options requires full symmetry, i.e., ensuring bilateral symmetric distances from an existing or an imaginary neutral option and equal numbers of positive and negative options. How to Present Likert Scales in Online Surveys Ultimately, a Likert scale question may be arranged vertically or horizontally. However, there have been researchers investigating the possibility of something called a left-side bias when displaying a Likert scale question horizontally. Essentially, left-side bias means that when placing answer options on the left side of the Likert scale, there is a tendency among respondents to select these options, said tendency being somewhat stronger for positive options on the left side than negative options. Furthermore, there has been equivalent research showing a similar, yet even stronger selection bias for vertical Likert scales as respondents tend to skip lower displayed answer options and more often select the top options. Based on these statements, certain scale layouts appear more suitable to avoid survey bias and sloppy question answering than others. Horizontal Likert Scale: According to the Likert scale bias matrix, to keep the bias as low as possible in a horizontal order, it appears best to place negative attitude options on the left side of the scale and positive attitude options on the right side of the scale. This example is using a 5-point scale. Vertical Likert Scale: According to the Likert scale bias matrix, to keep the bias as low as possible in vertical order, it appears best to place negative attitude options at the top of the scale and positive attitude options at the bottom of the scale.In addition, Likert scales can be modified to hold 7 or more answer options depending on the level of refinement that is required for a specific question or survey. Horizontal 7-point Likert Scale: Vertical 7-point Likert Scale: Creating Likert Scales in LimeSurvey There are several possibilities in LimeSurvey to create Likert scale questions either in horizontal or vertical order. To create horizontal Likert scales with text items, you may, for instance, use the Array or Array dual scale question types. To create vertical Likert scales with text items, you may, for instance, use the List (radio) or the List (dropdown) question types. When to use Likert Scales? The Likert Scale is particularly valuable when you are trying to understand complex sentiments about your product, service, or initiative. Whether you're gauging employee satisfaction, customer experiences, or public opinions. Let's say you're conducting a customer satisfaction survey. A simple yes/no question might tell you whether the customers are satisfied, but a Likert scale will reveal the extent of their satisfaction. This degree of satisfaction can be the decisive factor for product improvements, service modifications, or marketing tactics. Moreover, Likert Scales are easy for respondents to understand and complete, contributing to better response rates and less survey fatigue. Plus, they are statistically sound, giving your data analysis process robust and reliable inputs.

Colour psychology in survey design Have you ever wondered why you feel calm in a blue room, energized by a yellow notebook, or hungry when you see red and yellow combined in a fast-food logo? These seemingly arbitrary responses are far from coincidental—they're grounded in the intriguing realm of colour psychology. Understanding the psychology of colours Colour is not just a visual experience; even more than that it's a psychological one. Each hue in our vibrant world carries with it a psychological connotation, a subconscious message that can profoundly influence our thoughts, moods, and decisions. Welcome to the intriguing domain of colour psychology, and its compelling application within survey design and LimeSurvey. A quick overview of the meaning of colours Colours are highly attractive to us.  They stimulate brain activity and are processed in the visual cortex’s colour centre of our brains. Furthermore, they are powerful influencers, as they can set a certain mood, induce physiological processes or trigger certain behaviours. In fact, there is a widespread consensus among researchers that colours are essential to fields such as marketing, market research and branding.So how does this colour psychology apply to survey design and survey-taking? To find out just that, here is a more comprehensive look at the psychological values of different colours.   To provide you with a small overview of the effects of commonly used colours and colour themes, we created small palettes of the colours red, blue, green and purple for you so you can use one of the hues depicted below for your next projects. That's why we also brought up the concerning hexadecimal codes of each example.         Red This bold colour is often associated with excitement, passion, and urgency. However, it can also signal danger or errors. Blue Known to inspire trust and have a calming effect, blue is a favourite in corporate and tech environments. Green This earthy colour evokes feelings of tranquillity, health, and freshness. It's commonly used in environmental and wellness contexts. Yellow The colour of sunshine, yellow, stirs feelings of happiness and positivity, but can also signify caution. Purple Often associated with creativity, luxury, and mystery, purple can add a touch of elegance and intrigue. Orange This vibrant colour is seen as friendly and energetic, often used to signal affordability and creativity. Pink This gentle hue is commonly associated with romance, femininity, and sweetness. Black Black denotes power, sophistication, and seriousness. In certain contexts, it can also suggest mystery or exclusivity. White White typically symbolizes purity, simplicity, and cleanliness. It's widely used in minimalist and modern designs. Brown This warm, natural colour is often linked to stability, reliability, and earthiness. Gray Gray signifies neutrality and balance. It can also evoke feelings of practicality and timelessness. Gold Associated with wealth, prosperity, and success, gold can add a touch of luxury and prestige.   The application of colour psychology in survey design Colour psychology is a highly interesting topic for any field of use, but how do you use it inside the LimeSurvey application? Let's look at some ways you can use colour psychology to benefit your surveys, considering different overarching themes: Health and wellness surveys Use soothing colours like blue and green to create a calming environment. Accentuate with white to denote cleanliness and purity. Employee engagement surveys Warm and friendly colours like orange can encourage openness and honesty. Use blue to foster trust and loyalty. Customer satisfaction surveys Colours consistent with your brand can enhance recall. Use red sparingly to highlight important areas without inducing stress. Market research surveys Use neutral colours like gray or white to avoid influencing the respondent's feelings about the product or service being evaluated. Event feedback surveys Match the colour scheme of the event to maintain consistency and evoke memories. Vibrant colours like yellow or orange can encourage positive feedback. Academic surveys Blue can inspire trust and help maintain focus, while green can stimulate creativity and encourage innovative thinking. Environmental surveys Use earthy tones like brown or green to align with the theme. Blue can symbolize water and sky, broadening the environmental connection. Product review surveys Colours like black, purple, and gold can underscore the premium nature of the products. Also, it is usually recommended to stay within the visual identity of your brand to elevate brand awareness and recognition for your specific product. Non-Profit and social cause surveys Colours that align with the cause or the organization's logo can enhance the connection. For instance, pink can be used for women's causes, green for environmental causes, etc. Youth and trend surveys Bright and vibrant colours like red, yellow, or pink can capture the energy and dynamism of youth. These colouring options can be based on various motivations or goals. Logos with company colours, for instance, tend to aim at ensuring brand awareness and recognition. Organisational colours may dominate survey themes to elicit comfort and trust in respondents. Images within question texts or answer options may be used to visually simplify the effort for respondents when testing brand, packaging or advertisement alternatives. This is just a small fraction of possible areas where the use of colours can be applied.  However, determining the extent of benefits or detriments is strongly case-dependent. Factors that determine whether colours in surveys lead to higher or lower response rates and better or worse response quality are characteristics like target audience culture, residence, age, and gender.Therefore, here are a few tips for using colours in your next survey:   6 tips for using colours in surveys As there is a lack of research dedicated to colour usage within survey design and its implications towards response rates and data quality, we can’t profess to know the right way to deal with colours when creating a survey, as there is no scientific evidence to back it. Nevertheless, we have gathered 6 valuable tips that can give you a good orientation for the usage of colours in surveys to ensure a more strategic approach. A/B Testing: If you are not certain whether to integrate specific colouring into your survey or not, there is always the possibility of A/B testing. Set up the same survey in different variations, i.e., split a survey into one with colour options and another with a more neutral look and feel. Test these on two smaller subgroups of your sample group to get an idea of which version performs better. Readability: It is essential that the text in your survey is easy to read. The lighter the font colour the harder it becomes to read. If you decide to use font colours, select darker colours, as they facilitate readability. Minimalist Design: When in doubt, go for a minimalist design when it comes to using colours in surveys rather than a maximalist design. Too many colours and images may create a cluttered effect, which looks unprofessional. Colour Contrasts: Make sure to apply colour contrasts in case you are working with background colours and font colours at the same time. I.e., avoid using the same colour for both elements, otherwise, the text might become partially or fully invisible. Colour Intuition: Avoid a response bias by making a conscious effort to not use colours in a misleading way. For example, a coloured response scale should go hand in hand with an intuitive colour distribution. I.e., a more positive response expression (e.g., “Strongly agree”) should use green colour shades and not red ones, and vice versa for a more negative response expression (e.g., “Strongly disagree”). Colour Harmonisation: From a design perspective, it makes sense to combine colours that harmonise well to maximise the quality of the survey feel. For instance, shades of the same colour will harmonise better than using two or more bright colours from different ends of the colour palette.   Always keep your target audience in mind! It is vital to do your homework before splashing colours around in your survey. Always bear in mind that colours can have completely different meanings in different countries and cultures. Hence, you have to be sensitive to your target audience's cultural background to avoid pitfalls and collect the best data possible in terms of quantity and quality. Fortunately, nowadays there is a wealth of information available on colours, cultures and psychology on the internet. For example, the creative platform Shutterstock, which provides images and videos to the public, has a good grasp on colours in media, as well as the emotional effects of colour, posted in a clear and insightful article on the Symbolism of colours and colour meanings around the world.Always keep your brand, the area in which your brand is active and the target audience in mind when choosing a colour theme for your surveys. With these tips, you are good to go and can design your next survey the right way.    

2FA is a way to add additional security to your account. It is called "two-factor authentication" because two verification methods are used to access your account. The first "factor" is your usual password which is standard for any account. The second "factor" is a verification code retrieved from a 2FA application either from your computer or mobile device. For more details about 2FA and its importance, please visit the following article. Setting up the 2FA To see it at work, please create a free LimeSurvey account, access your LimeSurvey instance, and activate it from your Plugin Manager: Once enabled, you and your users can activate it from your own personal 2FA settings. To access them, click on the “2-Factor-Settings” menu item located on the top bar and select "2FA-Setting": On the next page, click on “Register 2FA now”: Once done, you will be prompted by the following message box:   Select the 2FA authentication method. By default, five different 2FA types are provided: Google Authenticator (default), Authy, YubiKey, Authenticator Plus, Duo, and HDE OTP. Scan the QR code with your mobile phone. For a list of application recommendations, check this article. Enter the confirmation key displayed in your 2FA application (by default, a six-numeric code). Once done, click on the button "Create 2FA binding". To test it, please log out and log in again: Congratulations! You have just enhanced the security of your LimeSurvey instance! Enforce your 2FA If you wish to enforce this security measure, go to Plugin Manager, and configure the 2FA system at the global level. The following page will be loaded: Please go to the last option, enable Force 2FA, and save the changes. In this way, your users will be forced to create a 2FA key after their first login. If you have the necessary global permission, you can check under the 2FA administration panel which users are using the 2FA system (see the last column):   Deactivate or reset your 2FA To deactivate 2FA authentication, go to your personal 2FA settings and click on "Unset 2FA":  Confirm your action to delete the 2FA token associated with your account. Please note that you will need to re-authenticate again if "Force 2FA" is enabled from the plugin settings. In case you cannot log in anymore into your instance and you wish to reset your 2FA settings, contact your LimeSurvey instance super administrator to delete the 2FA token associated with your account. That way, you will be able to log in again to your account and create a new 2FA token. Try the plugin and let us know what are your thoughts. Join our forum discussion topic! We are looking forward to hearing your feedback! Additional Information Please note that all token authentication systems that provide time-based hash tokens work with the plugin. For more details about the plugin, please check this wiki page.