Please help us help you and fill where relevant:
Your LimeSurvey version: Latest Docker
Own server or LimeSurvey hosting: Self-hosting
Survey theme/template: Bootstrap
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I'm using the self-hosted analytics tracking software Umami and would like to enter my tracking script into the header of my survey to track how many people navigate to it, etc.

I can insert it into my header theme file, but then I find it tracks all of my visits to the admin and settings pages, which I don't want.

Is there a way to insert it only into the header of my surveys?

I can insert it into my header theme file

What is this? Which file?

Just as an example:
I inserted the script of a chat tool into the "footer.twig" of my extended theme.

Joffm

And "Latest docker" is not really meaningful?
 

If it tracks visitors to your administration you probably included it into the wrong theme - the admin theme. You need to use the survey themes.

So if I'm using Bootstrap, would I enter it in the custom_'Welcome' screen?

I also can't find a corresponding header twig file for the 'Question' screen.

Open the theme editor, extend your theme and select a convenient place for it.