I can't find the source code/css entry where this problem can be turned off:

In front of every answer is displayed a list-tag - see the attached screenshot!

I want to display only the ansers - without the bubble/radio/list element in fornt of it.

You probably updated your Limesurvey system and use an outdated, customized template?! Is that correct?

Ttry adding these lines at the end of the template.css file of your template:
ul{
list-style-type:none;
}

Also test if the progress bar works properly and if conditions are working correctly, too

Yes - this is the solution!

Adding:

ul{
list-style-type:none;
}

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