No, you can't mix radio buttons and checkboxes in one question.
However, you can make some checkboxes exclusive, which means if they are clicked no other checkbox can be clicked.
You can find this under advanced options of the question, the question attribute is called
docs.limesurvey.org/Question+type+-+Mult...vey#Exclusive_option
It doesn't look like you want it too look, but technically it does what you want it to do.
(as far as I know, it is possible to have more than one of those exclusive options, but you will have to test it, because it is not written in the documentation, but I think I have done that already).